Sewage water contains organic compounds, thermal and kinetic energy, the amount is about 9 times higher than is needed for cleaning. The biggest source of heat energy are beyond the wastewater treatment plants, hotels, schools, restaurants, hostels, administrative buildings and other public facilities. Also, a wellness center, swimming pools, spas, and hospitals.
Comparison of price developments in eight EU countries shows very interesting facts. Eg. for common Czech household with consumption 2.5-5 MWh / year electricity price increased in 2011 to 229% of the price in 2001. While the same household in Germany to only 115%. While the current price is very close (CR 3.07, Germany 3.50 CZK / kWh).
Ministry of Industry and Trade prepares an elongation of the so-called solar tax. Based on actual law, the tax is charged until end of 2013 on photovoltaic power plants commissioned during photovoltaic boom in 2009 and 2010.
The boom was caused by the previous government because of its slow response to the rapid decline in investment costs of photovoltaics. In contrast to Germany, the feed-in-tarifs (FiT) remained too high (decreased only 5 % yearly) until the end of 2010, although the Government announced its intention to reduce the FiT from 1 January 2010 already on 24 August 2009.
Actually the tax is 26 % of FiT, in fact it is retroactive reduction of FiT.
According to sources from the Ministry for following years the tax will be differentiated by individual halves years. Surprisingly the higher tax will be charged on plants commissioned in first half of 2010, in the second half of the year the tax will be lower. In the second half of 2010 the majority of photovoltaic power plants was commissioned (1295 MWp out of 1953 MWp installed since 2006). Their realization was generally started at a time when it was known government's intention to reduce the FiT. In contrast, the realization of the plants commissioned in first half of 2009 (only about 20 MWp) was generally started at a time when FiT was consistent with investment cost and no information about FiT reduction was published.
Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the energy performance of buildings requires that new buildings since 2018 (public buildings) and 2020 (all buildings) respectively were buildings with nearly net zero energy buildings. The requirement relates to the all technical systems of the buildings. The paper presents possible solutions in ventilation and air conditioning field in these buildings and presents considerations about possible developments with regard to the requirement of reducing energy consumption.
The article presents an extensive and detailed analytical study that explores in detail the possibility of directing the development of the European energy industry in order to achieve a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a significant decarbonisation of the energy sector. Roadmap is not to be predictions or plan for further development, its goals are more modest, to lend a hand in finding their own paths to member countries to a sustainable, economically viable and environmentally acceptable energy economy.
The article presents an extensive and detailed analytical study that explores in detail the possibility of directing the development of the European energy industry in order to achieve a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a significant decarbonisation of the energy sector. Roadmap is not to be predictions or plan for further development, its goals are more modest, to lend a hand in finding their own paths to member countries to a sustainable, economically viable and environmentally acceptable energy economy.
So far, both the feed-in-tariff (FiT) and the green bonus (GB) was paid by locally relevant electricity distributor. From January 1st 2013 the new entity enters into the transaction - OTE (Energy Market Operator). The renewable electricity will be purchased by electricity traders instead of distributors. Newly will be introduced a new scheme - hourly green bonus. The rights of existing manufacturers are fully retained.
Miners’ protest in front of the Office of Government at 31st October 2012 against deleting the "expropriation paragraphs" in the Mining Act and reaffirm the validity of the so-called "territorial ecological limits" in the North Bohemian lignite basin by the Czech Government turned attention of the public to context of surface mining of lignite.
Proposed support for heat production from RES is set for all resources defined by law to a maximum of 50 CZK / GJ (equivalent to approx 0.16 CZK / kWh) with a regular annual increase of 2% because of the anticipated inflation. Compared to the current level of support for the production of electricity from renewable sources this is about 10 times lower.
Our Western society is in crisis. It is increasingly obvious, that the crisis is not only economic, but it is more serious - a societal crisis. The post-war (still) high prosperity of the Western civilization is due to fossil fuels and bipolar world. Unfortunately the bipolar world ended with disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the world of fossil fuels is only an episode on the timeline of humanity. Even from the perspective of only two next generations, nowadays we are not able to predict what will be the life of our children and grandchildren like. Undoubtedly, for preservation of the core values of the Western civilisation (democracy, standard of living) transformation of both the energy and transport systems, and the way of life will be crucial. For this transformation we have much less time than the development of the Western society took from the beginning of the industrial revolution, because of the energy return of the remaining fossil fuel resources is permanently decreasing.
Our Western society is in crisis. It is increasingly obvious, that the crisis is not only economic, but it is more serious - a societal crisis. The post-war (still) high prosperity of the Western civilization is due to fossil fuels and bipolar world. Unfortunately the bipolar world ended with disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the world of fossil fuels is only an episode on the timeline of humanity. Even from the perspective of only two next generations, nowadays we are not able to predict what will be the life of our children and grandchildren like. Undoubtedly, for preservation of the core values of the Western civilisation (democracy, standard of living) transformation of both the energy and transport systems, and the way of life will be crucial. For this transformation we have much less time than the development of the Western society took from the beginning of the industrial revolution, because of the energy return of the remaining fossil fuel resources is permanently decreasing.
The article presents the current state of the issue of flat hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (FVT) collectors, focused on the differences between the basic types of collectors, their advantages and disadvantages. There is also presented an overview of the current global manufacturers. The article aims to highlight the problems but also the opportunities associated with different types of the hybrid FVT collectors.
Another in series of expert roundtables on energy discussed mechanisms of electricity prices creation in the Czech Republic and in Germany, the context of their current development and potential development in the coming years, including relations with the development of various renewable energy sources and energy industry in both countries.
Building on its success in convening core parts of the finance value chain around sustainability challenges, CPSL is drawing together this work in a form that is suitable for policy makers and investors wishing to engage in the Central and Eastern European region. This project builds on the successful UK-Hungary Finance Forum held in London on 24 October 2011.
Act No. 165/2012 Coll. in its § 17 excluded all photovoltaic power plants up to 30 kWp of installed power from payment of so-called solar tax. However, based on official opinion of General Directorate of Finance, distribution system operators are continuing in collecting of the tax. According to the interpretation of law firm Šikola a partneři (Sikola and partners) the practice is in conflict with the Act. Controversy is about whether "§ 12, 17" in list of provisions of the Act, which will enter into force on the day of its publication, means "§ 12 and § 17" as it is interpreted by the law firm, or something else.
In a decision-making process – such as the one about national energy strategy – an economic assessment of alternative energy systems should account for social costs of electricity (and heat) production. This encompasses both private costs of the producer(s) as well as external costs, which are primarily associated with health and environmental impacts. Because the risks are not fully reflected in the prices of electricity, the application of alternative approaches is needed for monetary valuation of externalities. In this respect, ExternE is currently the most worked-out approach, which is already more than 20 years used and developed in the research projects for the European Commission. Fact that ExternE treats the analysis of externalities from bottom to up (bottom-up approach), makes possible to quantify marginal impacts of different energy facilities using different fuel types, in a particular place and time. At the same time ExternE enables to structure external costs estimates by type of the impact on health risks, loss of agricultural production and biodiversity, corrosion of materials and damage associated with climate change.
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